Papiamento...língua falada em Aruba,Bonaire e Curaçao segundo Wikipédia

Papiamento ou Papiamentu é uma língua crioula e é a principal língua falada nas ilhas caribenhas de Aruba, Curaçao e Bonaire. Recentemenmte ganhou o status de lingua oficial nas três ilhas.

Papiamento (papiamentu)
Falado em:	Curaçao, Aruba eBonaire.
Região:	Ilhas do Caribe
Total de falantes:	319.400[1]
Família:	Línguas Crioulas Crioulo de base portuguesa Papiamento
Regulado por:	-
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1:	--
ISO 639-2:	--- (B)	pap (T)
ISO 639-3:	pap

O papiamento originou-se do pidgin português conhecido como Guene, por ser falado pelos escravos africanos (originários das zonas de Guiné-Bissau/Cabo Verde e São Tomé/Golfo da Guiné, entre outras) trazidos pelos holandeses para o trabalho na lavoura de cana-de-açúcar. Após a retomada de Cabo Verde por Portugal e a reconquista da Nova Holanda pelos patriotas brasileiros, alguns judeus sefarditas, portugueses de Cabo Verde e quase todos os donordeste brasileiro foram para as antilhas holandesas, levando consigo o português. A linguagem judaico-portuguesa irá se misturar ao Guene dos escravos africanos, dando origem à primeira forma do papiamento, no século XVIII. Com a administração do império colonial holandês nas ilhas, a influência holandesa lega muitas palavras de seu idioma ao papiamento. No final do século XIX a influência do espanhol ocorre com o contato com os países vizinhos, especialmente a Venezuela.

O nome procede da palavra papiá, que significa 'conversar', derivada originalmente da palavra portuguesa papear. Origina-se igualmente deste verbo coloquial o nome do crioulo de base lusófona de Malaca, o papiá kristáng. O verbo papiâ ainda existe no crioulo cabo-verdiano, e significa falar.

Já existem periódicos em papiamento e dicionários bilíngües. Alguns intelectuais portugueses interessam-se pela criação de uma rede de pesquisadores de crioulística que enlace os interessados nestas manifestações lingüísticas mestiças, incluindo o papiamento.

[editar]Breve comparação entre o português, papiamento, crioulo da Guiné Bissau e crioulo de Cabo Verde

Português	Papiamento	Crioulo da Guiné-Bissau	Crioulo de Cabo Verde* **
Bem-vindo	Bon Bini	Bô bim drito	Bem-vindo***
Bom Dia	Bon dia	bon dia	Bon dia
Obrigado	Danki	Obrigado	Obrigadu
Como vai?	Con ta bai?	Kuma ku bu na bai?	Módi ki bu sa ta bai?
Muito bom	Hopi bon	I bon dimás	Mutu bon
Eu estou bem	Mi ta bon	Ami n´stá bon	N sta dretu
Eu, Eu Sou	Mi	Ami	N, Mi e
Tenha um bom dia	Pasa un bon dia	Pasa un bon dia	Pasa un bon dia
Vejo você depois, Até logo	Te aworo	N´ta odjau dipus	N ta odjâ-u dipôs
Comida	Cuminda	Bianda; Kumida	Kumida
Pão	Pan	Pon	Pon
Suco, Refresco, Sumo	Refresco	Sumo	Sumu
Eu amo Aruba	Mi stima Aruba	N´gosta di Aruba	N gosta di Aruba

*Variante de Santiago
**Escrita adoptada neste exemplo: ALUPEC
***Palavra em português usada em crioulo;

Note-se que expressões como "Vejo você depois", "Suco" e "Eu amo Aruba" são muito mais comuns no Brasil do que em Portugal onde é muito mais vulgar dizer-se "Até à vista, até à próxima", "Sumo" e "Eu gosto muito (muitíssimo, mesmo muito) de Aruba". A razão prende-se com o uso bastante mais conservador do verbo "amar" em Portugal - quase exclusivamente dedicado a pessoas (ou a entidades abstractas, ex: a pátria, a língua portuguesa, etc).

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Papiamento

Papiamento Papiamentu
Hablado en	Curaçao, Bonaire; y Aruba
Región	Mar Caribe
Hablantes	329.000
Familia	Lengua criolla Criollo portugués1 Papiamento
Estatus oficial
Oficial en	Aruba, Curaçao, y Bonaire
Regulado por	No está regulado
Códigos
ISO 639-1	no tiene
ISO 639-2	pap
ISO 639-3	pap

El papiamento es una lengua hablada en las islas de Curazao (papiamentu), Bonaire(papiamen) y en Aruba (papiamento), todas éstas cercanas a las costas de Venezuela, y actualmente parte del Reino de los Países Bajos. Posee dos formas de escritura: la fonética, aplicada en Curazao y Bonaire, y la basada en el idioma español, aplicada en Aruba. Papiamento (parlamento) proviene de papia, evolución del español y portugués antiguos: papear, ‘hablar’.

El papiamento es oficial en Aruba y en las Antillas Holandesas, desde 2003 y 2007 respectivamente. Tiene ortografía propia desde 1976 y hay diversas teorías sobre su origen. El texto más antiguo en papiamento es una carta del año 1775 de un judío de Curazao, indicando que el papiamento existía hace más de 200 ó 500 años. Hay autores que piensan que, al menos la base lingüística, es más antigua.²

Hay diversas teorías sobre su origen. Lo que se puede definir es que el papiamento es un idioma que se desarrolló por sí mismo por el contacto entre los hablantes de diversos idiomas. Para comunicarse con otro se usaba este idioma como lengua general. Se trata de una lengua criolla cuyo léxico probablemente procede del portugués³ principalmente, mezclada con palabras de origen holandés, inglés, español, portugués la lengua indígena arahuaca y diversas lenguas africanas. El idioma estaría basado en un criollo africano-portugués que los esclavos llevaron de África y ha ido evolucionando con el tiempo debido a las colonizaciones y la posición geográfica de las islas, recibiendo una mayor influencia del idioma español en especial, por su proximidad con territorios de habla española.

Contenido [ocultar] 1 Dialecto o idioma 2 Subdivisiones del papiamento 3 Historia 4 Alfabeto 5 Ejemplos de palabras y frases 6 Palabras 7 Enlaces externos 8 Lista de referencias

[editar]Dialecto o idioma

Desde el punto de vista de la ciencia, la lengua papiamento es ambas cosas y esto cuenta para todos los idiomas del mundo. El español es un idioma, pero se puede concluir lingüísticamente que se originó como un dialecto del latín,^{4 5} un porcentaje de 94 %.⁶ El papiamento tiene su propia estructura y reglas y tiene el mismo valor que cualquier otro idioma. El papiamento no es portugués ni tampoco español, porque el papiamento es un tipo de idioma diferente respecto a esos dos idiomas mencionados. Su gramática está basada en afro-portugués y no existe en general la conjugación, solamente en participio pasado, ejemplo: yo viviré - mi lo biba, 'lo' indica tiempo futuro, y se llama 'la partícula de tiempo'. Partícula de tiempo es parte de la oración y que expresa la acción del verbo, ejemplo para expresar 'tiempo presente' utilizas ta (ta biba - yo vivo), para expresar 'tiempo pasado' utilizas a y tawata (a biba, tawata biba - yo viví, había vivido/vivía, etc). En participio pasado: la casa pintada - e cas geverf.

El papiamento es un idioma criollo, mientras que el español y el portugués son idiomas indo-europeos. Desde el punto de vista oficial, el papiamento es oficial desde el 21 de mayo de 2003 y decretaron el neerlandés como idioma oficial en el país de Aruba.⁷

[editar]Subdivisiones del papiamento

• papiamento de Aruba (Papiamento)
• papiamento de Bonaire (papiamen)
• papiamento de Curazao (papiamentu)

[editar]Historia

En 1634 ocuparon las islas los holandeses. La población era de 1.415 indígenas y 32 españoles. En 1648 comenzó el flujo de esclavos negros que los portugueses llevaban de África.

En 1795 la isla pasó a poder de los franceses, en 1800 fue protectorado inglés y en 1802 volvió de nuevo a Holanda. La lengua oficial impuesta fue el neerlandés, pero el papiamento es la lengua que usa la mayor parte de la población, configurada por esa oleada sucesiva de esclavos y colonos, limitando el neerlandés al lenguaje escrito y la comunicación con los colonos holandeses. Debido a los movimientos nacionalistas, poco a poco, el papiamento fue extendiéndose a la literatura así como periódicos, radio, revistas, y sitios web.

[editar]Alfabeto

Alfabeto	Ehèmpelnan	Ejemplos
Aa	Kas	Casa
Bb	Bisinja,Brùg	Vecino,Puente
Cc	Center	Centro
Dd	Dilanti,Dòkter	Delante,Doctor
Dj/dj	Djis,Indjan,Djaka	Inmediatamente,Indio,Rata
Ee	Edukashon	Educación
Ff	Fòrti,Fout	Fuerte,Error
Gg	Garashi	Garaje
Hh	Hap,Hòfi	Bostezo,Huerto
Ii	Isla	Isla
Jj	Ya, Jamer	Si,Lastima!
Kk	Kantoor,Korànt	Oficina,Periódico
Ll	Lep,Lat	Labio,Tarde
Mm	Mondi,Muzik	Monte,Musica
Nn	Nochi,Na	Noche,Hacia/en
NJ/nj	Spanja,Ganjadó	España,Engañador
Oo	Orloshi	Reloj
Pp	Prezu,Poeshi	Preso,Gato
Rr	Rustig	Tranquilo,Calmado,Sereno
Ss	stilte,Spar,Spìl	Silencio,proteger,Espejo
Tt	Toerism,Te	Turismo,Hasta
Uu	Urgensha,Uitstallen	Urgencia,Show
Vv	Vòs,Visibel	Zorro,Visible
Ww	Wàk,Weg,Wènkbrou	Ver,Calle,Cejas
Xx
Yy	Yuna	Ayunar
Zz	Zùit	Sur

Vocales Modificadas	ej.pap	ej.esp
è	Nèchi,Lès,Kèrk	Bonito,Lección,Iglesia
ò	Kòpi	Taza
ù	Bùs,Trùk	Bus,Camión
ü	Hür,yüni,yüli	Alquilar,Junio,Julio
ij (pronunciación: ei)	Rij,Prijs	Rey,Precio

[editar]Ejemplos de palabras y frases

• Bonbinì! = portugués: Bem vindo; español: Bienvenido.
• Bon dia = portugués: Bom dia; español: Buen día/Buenos días.
• Bon tardi = portugués: Boa tarde; español: Buenas tardes.
• Goede avond: = Holandés : " Buenas noches "
• Bon nochi = portugués: Boa noite; español: Buenas noches.
• Morru = Holandés : Morgen ; Inglés : Morning.
• Kon bai? o Kon ta ku bida? = portugués: Como vai?/Como está com a vida?; español: ¿Cómo te va?
• Mi ta bon, = portugués, Eu (mim) (es)tou bom/bem

[editar]Palabras

• Trankìl = portugués: tranquilo; español: tranquilo.
• Kalo = portugués: calor/quente; español: calor/caliente.
• danki = español: gracias; Neerlandes: Dank U.
• Sorri = español: disculpar; Neerlandes: Sorry
• Dushi,Lèker = español: Delicioso; Neerlandes: Lekker

Más palabras y frases simples:

Bon tardi: Buenas tardes

Bon nochi: Buenas noches

Danki: Gracias

Kon bai: ¿Cómo estás?

Mi ta bon: Yo estoy bien

Ayò/doei: Chao

Kuantor tin: ¿Qué hora es?

Unda bo ta biba: ¿Dónde vives?

Ami/di Mi: Yo/Mio/s

Abo/Bo: Tú/tu

E: el, ella, usted

Di Dje: su, de él

Nos: nosotros/-as

Boso: vosotros/-as/sus

Nan: ellos, ellas, ustedes

Bon ayo: Bueno chao

Nos tur: Todos nosotros

Boso: Todos ustedes

Nos dos: Nosotros dos

Mi por papia papiamentu: Yo puedo hablar papiamento

Mi n' por papia papiamentu: No puedo hablar papiamento

Mi stima Kòrsou: Yo Amo Curazao

Mi kier/ke: Yo quiero

Pabien: (del Portugués: Parabens): Felicitaciones

Pasa un bon dia: Ten un buen día

Hopi bon: ¡Muy bien!

Poco poco: Silenciosamente o lentamente

Te aworo: Hasta luego

sunchi: besár

dushi: querido

Dushi om: delicioso o grandioso

Ku tur mi amor: Con todo mi amor

Frei: Novio/a

Hopi bon: Muy bien

Palabras para usar en las compras:

Kuanto esaki ta kosta?: ¿Cuánto cuesta?

Mi ta wak ront: Mirando alrededor

Ban dal un trip: Vamos de viaje

Banku/Bank: Banco

Placa o heldo: Dinero

Ki pelikula tin na bioskop?: ¿Qué película está en el Cine?

Keds: Zapatillas

Sapato: Zapato

Den skòl: En la Escuela

Mi tin sèt: tengo sed

Mi tin hamber: tengo hambre

Ban Kas: Vamos a casa

Botika: farmacia

Más palabras y frases:

Bin aki: Ven aquí

Ban sali: Vamos a salir

Tur kos ta bon: Todo esta bien

Ban sigui : Continuemos, sigamos

Ban kome: Vamos a comer, comamos

Awa: Agua

Awasero: Lluvia

Lamper/wèrleik: Rayo, Relámpago

Strena: Trueno

Nubia: Nube

Laman: La Playa, El Océano

Tera: tierra

Mondi: El Campo

Den Stad: En la Ciudad

Na Waf/haf: En el Puerto

Brug: Puente

Kuminda: Comida

Pan: Pan

Keshi: Queso

Piskà: Pescado

Belèg: Embutido, Corte Frío

Lechi/mèlek: Leche

Sòft: Refresco

Mangel: Dulces, Caramelos

Pastechi: Similar a una arepa, pero se prepara uzando harina mas refinada.

Suku: Azúcar

Salo: Sal

Pika: Pimienta

Nótese la dificultad de saber si una palabra o frase es de origen español, neerlandés o portugués.

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Papiamento

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Papiamento
Papiamento
Spoken in	Aruba Curaçao Caribbean Netherlands(Bonaire)
Region	Caribbean islands
Total speakers	329,002
Language family	Creole language Portuguese Creole[1] Papiamento
Official status
Official language in	Aruba Curaçao Caribbean Netherlands(Bonaire)[2]
Regulated by	No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1	None
ISO 639-2	pap
ISO 639-3	pap
Linguasphere	–
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols inUnicode.

Papiamento (or Papiamentu) is the most widely spoken language on the Caribbean ABC islands, having the official status on the islands of Aruba and Curaçao. The language is also recognised on Bonaire by the Dutch government.^[2] Papiamento is also spoken on the islands ofSaba and Saint Eustatius.^{[citation needed]}

Papiamento is a creole language derived from either Portuguese^[3] or Spanish with vocabulary influences from African languages, English, Dutch, and Arawak native languages.^[4] Papiamento has two main dialects: Papiamento, spoken primarily on Aruba; and Papiamentu, spoken primarily on Bonaire and Curaçao.

Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Local development theory 1.2 African origin theory 1.3 Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole 1.4 Present status 2 Dialects 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels and diphthongs 3.2 Stress and tone 4 Grammar 4.1 Vocabulary 4.2 Dictionaries 4.3 Grammar 5 Writing system 6 Examples 6.1 Phrase samples 7 Comparison of vocabularies 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links and further reading

[edit]History

The historical origins of Papiamento are still not very well known. It is disputed whether Papiamento originated from Portuguese or from Spanish. A summary of the century-long debate on Papiamento's origins is provided in Jacobs (2009a).^[5]

Historical constraints, core vocabulary and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole suggest that the basic ingredients are Portuguese, and that other influences occurred at a later time (17th and 18th century, respectively). The name of the language itself comes from papear ("to chat", "to talk"), a word present in Portuguese and colloquial Spanish; compare with Papiá Kristang ("Christian talk"), a Portuguese-based creole of Malaysia and Singapore, and the Cape Verdean Creole word papiâ ("to talk"), or to Caribbean (Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Cuba) "papiar" - to talk excessively (but also, "to eat": "papar" is Portuguese kid term for "to eat"). Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century, but made little use of them. In 1634, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining Arawak and Spanish population to the continent, and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean.

The first evidence of widespread use of Papiamento in Aruba can be seen though the Curaçao official documents in the early 18th century. In the 19th century, most materials in the islands were written in Papiamento including Roman Catholic schoolbooks and hymnals. The first Papiamento newspaper was published in 1871 and titled "Civilisado" (The Civilizer). "Civilizado" is Spanish and Portuguese for "civilized" but can also be understood as a suppressed final "r" in the word "Civilizador" (Civilizer).

An outline of the competing theories is provided below.

[edit]Local development theory

There are various local development theories. One such theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from an original Portuguese-African pidgin used for communication between African slaves and Portuguese slavetraders, with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Aruac) influences.

The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in Northeast Brazil – causing most of the Portuguese-speaking Jews in those lands to flee from religious persecution. The precise role of Sephardic Jews in the early development is unclear, but it is certain that Jews play a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews either from Portugal, Spain, or Portuguese Brazil. Therefore, it can be assumed that Judaeo-Spanish was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. As the Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area, business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento with some Ladino influences. While various nations owned the island and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents.

[edit]African origin theory

A more recent theory holds that the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose almost a century earlier, in the west coast of Africa and in the Cape Verde islands. From the 16th to the late 17th century, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts ("factories") in those regions. Around those ports there developed several Portuguese-African pidgins and creoles, such as Guinea-Bissau Creole, Mina, Cape Verdean Creole, Angolar, and Guene. The latter bears strong resemblances to Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from those pre-existing pidgins/creoles, especially Guene, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and/or traders from Cape Verde and West Africa.

Some specifically claim that the Afro-Portuguese mother language of Papiamentu arose from a mixture of the Mina pidgin/creole (a mixture of Cape Verdean pidgin/creole with Twi) and the Angolar creole (derived from languages of Angola and Congo). Proponents of this theory of Papiamento contend that it can easily be compared and linked with other Portuguese creoles, especially the African ones (namely Forro, Guinea-Bissau Creole, and the Cape Verdean Creole). For instance, Compare mi ("I" in Cape Verdean Creole and Papiamento) or bo(meaning you in both creoles). Mi is from the Portuguese mim (pronounced [mĩ]) "me", and bo is from Portuguese vós "you".^[6] The use of "b" instead of "v" is very common in the African Portuguese Creoles.

Papiamento is, in some degree, intelligible with Cape Verdean creoles and could be explained by the immigration of Portuguese Sephardic Jews from Cape Verde to these Caribbean islands, although this same fact could also be used by dissenters to explain a later Portuguese influence on an already existing Spanish-based creole.^[7]

Another comparison is the use of the verb ta and taba ta from vernacular Portuguese tá (an aphesis of estar, "to be" or está, "it is") with verbs where Portuguese does and with others where it does not use it: "Mi ta + verb" or "Mi taba ta + verb", also the rule in the São Vicente Creoleand other Barlavento Cape Verdean Creoles . These issues can also be seen in other Portuguese Creoles (Martinus 1996; see also Fouse 2002 and McWhorter 2000), but some are also found in colloquial Spanish.

[edit]Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole

Current research on the origins of Papiamentu focuses specifically on the linguistic and historical relationships between Papiamentu and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance. Elaborating on comparisons done by Martinus (1996) and Quint (2000),^[8] Jacobs (2008,^[9] 2009a, 2009b^[10]) defends the hypothesis that Papiamentu is a relexified offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole variety, transferred from Senegambia to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, a period in which the Dutch controlled the harbour of Gorée, just below the tip of the Cape Verde Peninsula. On Curaçao, this variety, better known as Papiamentu, underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of the grammar (though particularly in the lexicon) due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch as well as with a variety of Kwa and Bantu languages. These changes notwithstanding, the morpho-syntactic framework of Papiamentu is still remarkably close to that of the Upper Guinea Creoles of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau/Casamance.

[edit]Present status

Many Papiamento speakers are multilingual and are also able to speak Dutch, English and Spanish. In the Netherlands Antilles, Papiamentu was made an official language on March 7, 2007.^[11] After its dissolution, the language's official status was confirmed in the Caribbean Netherlands,^[12] until January 1, 2011; since then it has been recognised as a language on Bonaire only.^[2]

Papiamento is also spoken in the Netherlands and on the other Dutch Caribbean islands of St. Maarten, Saba and Saint Eustatius by immigrants from Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao.

Venezuelan Spanish and American English are constant influences today. Code-switching and lexical borrowing between Papiamentu, Spanish, Dutch and English among native speakers is common. This is perceived as a threat to the further development of Papiamento due to a language ideology that is committed to preserving the authentic African or Creole "feel" of Papiamento.

[edit]Dialects

Papiamento has two main dialects: Papiamento in Aruba and Papiamentu in Curaçao and Bonaire. Although the Papiamentu in Curaçao and Bonaire are largely the same, there are still minor differences.

Spoken (Aruban) Papiamento sounds much more Spanish. The most apparent difference between the two dialects is given away in the name difference. Whereas Curaçao and Bonaire opted for a phonologically based spelling, Aruba uses an etymologically based spelling. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while that same word ends with "u" in Curaçao and Bonaire. And even on Curaçao, the use of the u-ending is still more pronounced among the Sephardic Jewish population. Similary, there is also a difference between the usage of "k" in Curaçao and Bonaire and "c" in Aruba.

For example:

Papiamento: Palo (tree) Cas (house) Papiamentu: Palu (tree) Kas (house)

Furthermore, there is also an intonation and lexical difference between Papiamento and Papiamentu.^[13]

[edit]Phonology

This section requires expansion.

[edit]Vowels and diphthongs

Most Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance vowels, but some are also based on Dutch vowels like : ee /eː/, ui /œy/, ie /i/, oe /u/,ij/ei /ɛi/, oo /oː/, and aa /aː/.^{[citation needed]}

Papiamento has the following nine vowels.^[14] The orthography (writing system) of Curaçao has one symbol for each vowel.

IPA	Curaçao orthography	Aruba orthography
a	a in kana	a in cana
e	e in sker, nechi	e in scheur (= to rip)
ɛ	è in skèr, nèchi	e in sker (= scissors)
i	i in chikí	i in chikito
o	o in bonchi, doló	o in dolor
ɔ	ò in bònchi, dòler	o in dollar
u	u in kunuku	u in cunucu
ø	ù in brùg	u in brug
y	ü in hür	uu in huur

There are dialects that exist in the island itself. An example is the Aruban word, "dolor" ("pain"), which is the same in Curaçao's version, but written differently. The R is silent in certain parts of the island. It is also written without the R.

In addition to the vowels listed above, schwa also occurs in Papiamento. The letter e is pronounced as schwa in the final unstressed syllables of words such as agradabel and komader.^[15] Other vowels in unstressed syllables can become somewhat centralized (schwa-like) in rapid casual speech.

[edit]Stress and tone

Papiamento is one of only two^{[citation needed]} languages worldwide that distinguish both stress and tone and is the only language in the world known to use both stress and prosodic accent.

Polysyllabic words that end in vowels are stressed on the next-to-last syllable; most words ending in consonants are stressed on the final syllable. There are exceptions. When a word deviates from these rules, the stressed vowel should be indicated by an acute accent mark. The accent marks are often omitted in casual writing.^[16]

Papiamento words have distinct tone patterns. According to recent linguistic research, there are two classes of words: those that typically have rising pitch on the stressed syllable, and those that typically have falling pitch on the stressed syllable.^[17] The latter category includes most of the two-syllable verbs in the language. Any given word's tone contours may change depending on discursive factors such as whether the sentence is affirmative, interrogative, or imperative.^[18]

Altering tone in Papiamento can distinguish meaning and grammatical function: compare noun 'para' (PA-ra: bird) with verb 'para' (pa-RA:stand or stop)

Independently from tone, stress can also be altered: compare 'pa-ra' (stand or stop) with 'pa-ra' (stopped or standing)

Papiamento/u uses prosodic accent. Tone (with stress) is largely dependent on the grammatical function of the word in sentence. Compare:

word(s)	meaning	grammatical functions	stress pattern	accent pattern
kini-kini	falcon	noun substantive	ki-ni-ki-ni	kini-KI-ni (low-x-high-x)
divi-divi	Caesalpinia coriaria tree	noun substantive	di-vi-di-vi	divi-DI-vi (low-x-high-x)
blanku blanku	"snowwhite" (emphatic doubling)	adjective	blan-ku blan-ku	BLAN-ku blanku (high-x-low-x)
palu haltu	tree+high 'tall tree'	noun substantive+adjective	pa-lu hal-tu	PA-lu haltu (high-x-low-x)
poko-poko	slow/calm	adverb	po-ko po-ko	PO-ko poko (high-x-low-x)
bira ront	turn+round (to) turn around	verb+adverb	bi-ra ront	bira RONT (low-x-high-x)
masha bon	very+good	adverb+adjective	masha bon	masha BON (low-x-high)

The following are the grammatical rules of Papiamentu intonation:

-Verbs usually have rising tone; a following adverb receives high intonation (ex. 'bira RONT:' turn around).

-Nouns (substantives) and adjectives usually have falling tone, a following adjective receives low intonation (ex. 'PA-lu haltu:' tall tree).

-In words of more than three syllables, grammatical tone or accent will fall on the last stressed syllable. The first stressed syllable receives the opposite tone for contrast: compare noun 'kini-kini' (kini-KI-ni): falcon with adverb 'poko-poko' (PO-ko-poko): slowly.

-An adverb has rising tone, so a following adjective receives high tone (ex. 'masha BON' very good).

!!! - The adverbs 'bon' (good) and 'mal' (bad), even though they are adjectives, in grammar will always have adverbial, rising tone character (ex. 'bon ha-SI:' well-done). They will always behave like adverbs, even when they qualify nouns (ex. 'bon DI-a:' good day). They behave like adverbs even when doubled for emphasis ('bon-BON:' very good).

(Note: in all above examples, primary stress remains on the second word, while secondary stress remains on the first word, independently of tone changes. It is thus more accurate to transcribe 'PA-lu hal-tu' and 'bira RONT', with bold typing indicating stress and CAPITAL LETTERS indicating high tone syllables. Unstressed syllables' tone is dependent on contact syllables.)

-The particle of negation 'no' always receives rising tone: the following verb is inevitably raised in pitch: compare 'mi ta PA-pia' (I speak) and 'mi no TA PA-pia' (I do not speak). This negating pitch-raise is crucial and is retained even after contraction of the particle in informal speech: 'mi'n TA papia' ("I don't speak")

It is theorised that the unusual presence of both stress and tone in Papiamentu is an inheritance of African languages (which use tone) and Portuguese (which has stress)

[edit]Grammar

[edit]Vocabulary

Most of the vocabulary is derived from Spanish and Portuguese and most of the time the real origin is unknown due to the great similarity between the two Iberian languages and the adaptations required by Papiamentu. A 100-Swadesh List of Papiamentu can be found online^[19]Linguistic studies have shown that roughly two thirds of the words in Papiamentu's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, a quarter are of Dutch origin,and some of Native American origin and the rest come from other tongues. A recent study by Buurt & Joubert inventarised several hundred words of indigenous Arawak origins^[20]

Examples of words of Iberian and Roman, Latin origin, which are impossible to label as either Portuguese or Spanish:

• por fabor/sea asina di = please - Spanish/Portuguese, por favor
• señora = mrs, madam - Spanish, señora; 'Portuguese, senhora;
• kuá? = which? Spanish, cuál?; Portuguese, qual?;
• Kuantu? = how much? - Spanish, ¿cuánto?; Portuguese, quanto?;

While the presence of word-final /u/ can easily be traced to Portuguese, the diphthongization of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of /b/ (rather than /v/) is difficult to interpret; although the two are separate phonemes in standard Portuguese, they merge in the dialects of northern Portugal, just like they do in Spanish. Also, a sound-shift could have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese.

Other words can have dual origin, and certainly dual influence. For instance: subrino (nephew): sobrinho in Portuguese, sobrino in Spanish. The pronunciation of "o" as /u/ is traceable to Portuguese, while the use of "n" instead of "nh" (IPA /ɲ/) in the ending "-no", relates to Spanish.

Portuguese origin words:

• sapatu = shoe - Spanish, zapato; Portuguese, sapato;
• kachó = dog - Spanish, cachorro; (puppy); Portuguese, cachorro (dog or puppy);
• bisiña = neighbour - Spanish, vecino, vecina; Portuguese, vizinho, vizinha;
• galiña = chicken(hen) - Spanish, gallina; Portuguese, galinha;
• gai = rooster - Spanish, gallo; Portuguese, galo

Spanish origin words:

• siudat (siudatnan) = city - Spanish, ciudad; Portuguese, cidade
• sombre/sinkuri = hat - Spanish, sombrero; Portuguese, chapéu
• kashon/karson = trousers - Spanish, pantalon or calzon/es; Portuguese, calção
• hòmber = man - Spanish, hombre; Portuguese, homem

Dutch origin words:

• apel/aplo = apple - Dutch, appel
• blou = blue - Dutch, blauw
• buki = book - Dutch, boekje
• lesa = to read - Dutch, lezen

English origin words;

• bèk = back
• bòter = bottle

Italian origin words:

• kushina = kitchen - Italian cucina; Spanish cocina; Portuguese cozinha
• lanterna/latern = lantern - Italian lanterna; Portuguese, lanterna

Native American words:

• horkan = hurricane - Taino, hurakan; Carib, yuracan, hyoracan;

[edit]Dictionaries

• Mansur, Jossy M. (1991) Dictionary English-Papiamento Papiamento-English. Oranjestad: Edicionnan Clasico Diario
• Betty Ratzlaff (2008) Papiamentu-Ingles, Dikshonario Bilingual e di dos edishon. Bonaire: St. Jong Bonaire
• Websters online Papiamento – English Dictionary

[edit]Grammar

• E. R. Goilo (2000) Papiamentu Texbook. Oranjestad: De Wit Stores N.V.

[edit]Writing system

Main article: Papiamento orthography

There are two orthographies: a more phonetic one called Papiamentu (in Curaçao and Bonaire), and the etymological spelling used in Aruba.

[edit]Examples

[edit]Phrase samples

NOTE: These examples are from Curaçao Papiamentu and not from Aruban Papiamento.

• Kon ta bai? or Kon ta k'e bida?: "How are you?" or "How is life?", Portuguese, Como vai?/Como está a vida?, Spanish ¿Cómo te va?¿Cómo te va la vida?
• Por fabor/ Sea asina di: "Please" Portuguese/Spanish por favor
• Danki: "Thank you" Dutch, Dank je
• Ainda no: "Not yet" Portuguese Ainda não
• Mi (ta) stima bo: "I love you" Portuguese Eu (te) estimo (você) / Eu te amo
• Laga nos ban sali!/ban sali: "Let's go out!", Spanish ¡Vamos a salir!
• Kòrda skirbi mi bèk mas lihé posibel!: "Remember to write me back as soon as possible!" Portuguese: Recorde-se de me escrever assim que for possível.
• Bo mama ta mashá bunita: "Your mother is very nice" Portuguese Tua/Sua mãe é muito simpática.

[edit]Comparison of vocabularies

This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Portuguese, Papiamento and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Spanish also shown for contrast.

English	Portuguese	Papiamentu	Guinea-Bissau	Cape Verdean* **	Spanish
Welcome	Bem-vindo	Bon biní	Bô bim drito	Bem-vindo***	Bienvenido
Good day	Bom Dia	Bon dia	Bon dia	Bon dia	Buenos días
Thank you	Obrigado	Danki	Obrigadu	Obrigadu	Gracias
How are you?	Como vais?/como vai?	Kon ta bai?	Kumá ku bo na bai?	Módi ki bu sa ta bai?	¿Cómo te va?
Very good	Muito bom	Mashá bon	Mutu bon	Mutu bon	Muy bien
I am fine	Eu estou bem/(bom)	Mi ta bon	N' sta bon	N sta dretu	Yo estoy bien
I, I am	Eu, Eu Sou	Mi, Mi ta	N', Mi i	N, Mi e	Yo, yo soy
Have a nice day	Passa/Passe/Tenha um bom dia	Pasa un bon dia	Pasa un bon dia	Pasa un bon dia	Pasa/Tenga un buen dia
See you later	Vejo-te depois/ Te vejo depois/ Até logo	Te aweró/ Te despues	N' ta odjá-u dipus	N ta odjâ-u dipôs, Te lógu	Te veo después/ Hasta luego
Food	Comida	Kuminda	Bianda	Kumida	Comida
Bread	Pão	Pan	Pon	Pon	Pan
Juice	Sumo/Suco	Djus	Sumu	Sumu	Zumo / Jugo
I like Curaçao	Eu gosto de Curaçao	Mi gusta Kòrsou	N' gosta di Curaçao	N gosta di Curaçao	Me gusta Curazao

*Santiago Creole variant
**Writing system used in this example: ALUPEC
***Portuguese expression used in creole.

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Papiamentu

E lenga materno di e poblashon di e tres islanan Aruba, Boneiru i Korsou yama “Papiamentu” na Kòrsou, “Papiamento” na Aruba i “Papiamen” na Boneiru. E artíkulo aki ta deskribí e lenga generalmente. Tambe lesa Ortografia di Papiamento di Aruba i Ortografia di papiamentu (na Kòrsou).

Papiamentu ta varia un poko isla pa isla, bario pa bario, dékada pa dékada. Bokabulario i entonashon ta kambia un chikí. E diferensia di mas grandi ta entre e ortografia (sistema di skibimentu) di Aruba i di Kòrsou.

Kontenido [skonde] 1 Status 2 Ortografia i fonologia 2.1 Vokalnan 3 Nota 4 Linknan eksterno

[editá]Status

Na Aruba, papiamento i hulandes ta e idiomanan ofisial. Na Antias Hulandes, papiamentu, ingles i hulandes ta ofisial.

Den senso di 2000 i 2001, 106.054 hende na Kòrsou, 59.984 hende na Aruba, i 8059 hende na Boneiru a bisa ku papiamentu tabata nan idioma papiá na kas. Kasi tur hende ku ta biba na e islanan ABC for di nasementu por papia e lenga. Ademas hopi imigrante for di e islanan ABC ta biba na Hulanda; nos no sa kuantu ta papia papiamentu na kas ainda.

[editá]Ortografia i fonologia

Kòrsou i Boneiru ta uza un sistema di skirbimentu fonétiko. Aruba tin un sistema históriko hopi similar na spañó.

Parti distintivo di e sistema di Kòrsou^[1]:

• E zonido /k/ semper ta indiká pa e lèter k. (Na Aruba /k/ por habitá c òf k .)
• Aksènt agudo ta indiká sílaba ku tin strès impronostikabel.
• E sistema di Kòrsou tin e lèternan è, ò, ù, ü.
• E sistema di Kòrsou no tin x.

[editá]Vokalnan

Papiamentu tin e siguiente 9 vokalnan.^[2] E sistema di Kòrsou tin un símbolo pa kada vokal. E sistema di Aruba ku 6 símbolo tin mas ambigwedat.

A.F.I.	Ortografia di Kòrsou	Ortografia di Aruba
a	a den kana	a den cana
e	e den sker, nechi	e den sker (= ingles to rip)
ɛ	è den skèr, nèchi	e den sker (= ingles scissors)
i	i den chikí	i den chikitin
o	o den bonchi, doló	o den dolor
ɔ	ò den bònchi, dòler	o den dollar
u	u den kunuku	u den cunucu
ø	ù den brùg	u den brug
y	ü den hür	uu den huur